Duplex Ultrasonography and Haemodialysis Vascular Access: A Practical Review

The aim of this review is to discuss the practical use of duplex ultrasonography in the setting of dialysis vascular access, based on the current evidence and own experience. After explaining the necessary tools and practical considerations, the role of ultrasonography in the placement of dialysis catheters will be described. Then we discuss the importance of vascular access selection with vascular mapping, followed by an overview of the most frequent vascular access related complications (thrombosis, stenosis, dysmaturation, access induced ischemia and (pseudo) aneurisms) and their ultrasonographical approach.